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  • 2022-07-04 Why Are pH Values Only In A Range of 0-14? What is the pH scale? The pH scale is used to determine whether a substance is acidic or basic, and to calculate how strong a chemical it is. A pH value is a number that ranges from 1 to 14 for most common chemicals, with seven being the middle or neutral point. Values below 7 are indicators of acidity, which increases as the number decreases, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity, which increases as the value increases. One interesting thing to note here is that the pH scale is not a linear scale. In other words, an acid with a ph of 3 is not twice as strong as an acid with a pH of 6. An important distinction to understand is that the pH scale is a logarithmic scale.
  • 2022-07-02 FAQ:Why Fish Like Filterelated DI Water Filter Water use principle of Aquarium: feed water shall be used as close to the natural water quality of fish origin as possible. Filterelated DI Water Filter Cartridge that can make 0 TDS water. After water become pure water by DI resin filter, than you can add some minerals that fit for your fish! It is the best choice for Aquarium Filters! FUNCTIONS & FEATURES: 1. With high quality WQA certified MIX BED DI RESIN; 2. Make highly pure water for Aquarium; 3. After DI filter cartridge, the TDS of water is 0, without any spots left; 4. Application for Aquarium,Car/Window Washing or Lab use; 5. Different Size for choose: 10'' 20'' Quick-inline Style connect to faucet directly. 6. Supply BLUE/GREEN/PURPLE color DI filter that can CHANGING COLOR when life time is running out. Filterelated has confidence for champion product DI filter, we support SAMPLE TESTING!
  • 2022-06-21 Maryland: Water Treatment plant must stop unpermitted discharges Maryland environment officials are ordering the state`s largest wastewater treatment plant to stop unpermitted discharges of water pollution. Under Thursday`s order, Baltimore`s Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant in Dundalk has 48 hours to comply after an inspection [revealed the precipitous decline" in the functions of [several critical processes at the plant" since prior inspections, news outlets report. It comes two months after Maryland sued Baltimore in state court and warned it could join a federal lawsuit over discharges from the Back River and Patapsco wastewater treatment plants. [The decline in the proper maintenance and operation of the Plant risks catastrophic failures at the Plant that may result in environmental harm as well as adverse public health and comfort effects," Environment Secretary Ben Grumbles wrote in his order. Baltimore`s Department of Public Works said it was disappointed [given the collaborative efforts to improve performance," but it would comply.
  • 2022-05-10 WATER TREATMENT `BATTELLE` WATER TREATMENT `BATTELLE` Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), otherwise known as [forever chemicals", are one of the biggest challenges facing the water sector. These harmful chemicals that do not break down and only accumulate over time are fast becoming a major issue for governments, with treatment solutions often ahead of regulations. In 2021, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified that PFAS is present in more than 120,000 US locations. As with other water-based pollutants and contaminants, PFAS can be filtered out of water, but that only transfers the PFAS from one media to another. As a result, many solutions are now gearing towards how PFAS can be destroyed. Independent not-for-profit research technology organisation, Battelle, recently demonstrated its PFAS Annihilator™ Destruction Technology at a wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. A closed-loop on-site destruction solution powered by supercritical water oxidation, the system demonstrated its capability to mobilise and destroy PFAS chemicals that were present in the contaminated water. Speaking to Aquatech Online, Amy Dindal, PFAS program manager, said: "The core is based on supercritical water oxidation which is a technology that's been in practice since the 80s to deal with difficult to treat compounds. "The technology involves increasing the temperature and the pressure so that it's in a unique state. That will enable the breaking of the carbon-fluorine bond, which is the backbone of the molecules and with that, we add o
  • 2022-04-13 Is India running out of water? Is India running out of water? India is home to 18 per cent of the world's population yet only has access to four per cent of the global freshwater sources. On top of this, 30 per cent of the districts in India have reported that these freshwater sources are being overexploited as groundwater levels continue to decline. [Through our GENius technology, we are fully geared to cater to the increasing industrial and consumer demand for better quality water in India." India is in urgent need of new ways to generate clean drinking water. According to NITI Aayog report in 2019, India is suffering from the worst water crisis in its history, and almost 600 million of its population are water-deprived. The report went on to say that 21 cities - including Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad and Chennai - most likely exhausted their groundwater resources in 2021.
  • 2022-03-20 Novel platform purifies oil-contaminated seawater The United Nations' most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report paints a bleak picture for the world's water supply: Of the 7.8 billion people on Earth, about 4 billion do not have access to sufficiently clean water for at least a month every year. While several water purification schemes have been proposed, they consistently fail at some critical point-typically, they are not stable, big or hardy enough for real-world applications, according to researchers based at Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Xiamen University in China who may have cracked the problem. On March 22 in Nano Research, the researchers reported the details of a new platform that uses sunlight to purify seawater with high energy efficiency compared to other similar approaches (above 90%) while also avoiding common pitfalls. "There is a tremendous demand for freshwater in households and for industrial, agricultural and other applications, so various water purification technologies have been developed to alleviate the shortage of freshwater resources," said paper author Miao Wang, Xiamen University's College of Materials. "Comparing the pathways, solar-driven purification of seawater or contaminated water via interfacial evaporation is promising as a low-cost system."
  • 2022-03-09 Benton Harbor, Michigan, Under Investigation For Handling Of Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water Michigan is once again being investigated for its response or lack thereof to drinking water contamination in one of its most underserved communities, years after a similar saga played out in Flint. [Federal auditors announced an investigation - of how the government has dealt with lead contamination of drinking water in Benton Harbor, an impoverished, mostly Black city in southwest Michigan," the Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette reported. [The probe by the Environmental Protection Agency`s inspector general follows a petition months ago for federal help from groups that accused local and state governments of dragging their feet after years of high lead readings in the city`s water." After nearly 6,000 lead-based service lines were identified in the city, federal regulators directed Benton Harbor to make changes to its drinking water treatment process for fear that residents were consuming contaminated water. Late last year, it appeared that city officials were making significant progress in doing so, though they had not replaced the fundamental infrastructure at the root of the problem. Now, auditors are stepping in to determine where and how federal authorities might speed up Benton Harbor`s attempts to provide safe drinking water to residents. It`s hard to imagine that Michigan could be the home to yet another drinking water crisis as dire as the one that took place in nearby Flint, and the audit appears geared toward preventing that. [The inspector general`s planned inquiry is `reassuring,` said Cyndi Roper, senior policy advocate with Natural Resources Defense Council," per the Democrat Gazette. [`It`s unthinkable that after the Flint crisis, another majority Black community had to wait for years before emergency action was
  • 2022-03-09 Benton Harbor, Michigan, Under Investigation For Handling Of Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water Michigan is once again being investigated for its response or lack thereof to drinking water contamination in one of its most underserved communities, years after a similar saga played out in Flint. [Federal auditors announced an investigation - of how the government has dealt with lead contamination of drinking water in Benton Harbor, an impoverished, mostly Black city in southwest Michigan," the Northwest Arkansas Democrat Gazette reported. [The probe by the Environmental Protection Agency`s inspector general follows a petition months ago for federal help from groups that accused local and state governments of dragging their feet after years of high lead readings in the city`s water." After nearly 6,000 lead-based service lines were identified in the city, federal regulators directed Benton Harbor to make changes to its drinking water treatment process for fear that residents were consuming contaminated water. Late last year, it appeared that city officials were making significant progress in doing so, though they had not replaced the fundamental infrastructure at the root of the problem. Now, auditors are stepping in to determine where and how federal authorities might speed up Benton Harbor`s attempts to provide safe drinking water to residents. It`s hard to imagine that Michigan could be the home to yet another drinking water crisis as dire as the one that took place in nearby Flint, and the audit appears geared toward preventing that. [The inspector general`s planned inquiry is `reassuring,` said Cyndi Roper, senior policy advocate with Natural Resources Defense Council," per the Democrat Gazette. [`It`s unthinkable that after the Flint crisis, another majority Black community had to wait for years before emergency action was
  • 2022-03-08 With Russia Targeting West, U.S. Water Systems On High Alert With a geopolitical crisis playing out thousands of miles away, the drinking water sector in the U.S. has doubled its resolve against potential attacks against their digital systems. [Today water utilities across the country are girding for online attacks and misinformation campaigns that could lead to drinking water contamination, service disruptions and demands for ransom," according to E&E News. [Top White House officials warned U.S. companies to brace for possible cyberattacks - specifically mentioning the water sector - and cited hackers disrupting Ukraine targets." Despite the fact that, by the time of this writing, no major cyberattack against U.S. water systems has been traced to Russian actors, the sector certainly has cause for concern. In recent months, drinking water and wastewater systems across the country have been attacked. The onslaught prompted the Biden administration to announce a new security plan for this critical infrastructure last month. Though the world`s attention is focused on Russian troops invading Ukraine, some security experts fear that the conflict could draw in the countries` allies, with Russia potentially targeting the U.S. And one of the most damaging actions it could take would be to target the U.S.`s water systems. [In 2012, Leon Panetta, then Barack Obama`s defense secretary, warned of a `cyber-Pearl Harbor` in which an enemy would use cyberattack to derail passenger trains, contaminate the water supply or shut down parts of the power grid," Politico reported. [Nearly a decade since that warning, the first few days of Russia`s invasion of Ukraine has brought a wave of cyberattacks and website disruptions that - while falling far short of disabling infrastructure - are already exposing how
  • 2022-03-01 Addressing Environmental And Societal Issues Using Nanotechnology Addressing Environmental And Societal Issues Using Nanotechnology Among the plethora of social problems that impact people all over the globe, some are very easy to solve while others may take millennia to resolve completely. Social concerns are developing and evolving constantly, and novel challenges are frequently thrust to the fore. Many social concerns are thought to be addressable only via political engagement and systemic reforms; nevertheless, there are other elements of social concerns that can be assisted through the application of scientific principles. Despite some limitations, the ideas and materials tied to nanotechnology might be used as a tool in addressing these societal concerns. Thus, nanotechnology-based systems -for example, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membranes - can provide an affordable option for underdeveloped nations that lack adequate water and wastewater treatment facilities . Clean Water Accessibility And Treatment Using Nanotechnology In many countries, the lack of adequate sanitation and water treatment facilities is a key source of worry when it comes to the accessibility of clean water. Thus, the global demand for a highly-effective water treatment medium is evident - and graphene may just hold the answer. Recently, a growing number of graphene-based filters have emerged from both academic laboratories and the industrial sector, indicating that the technology is being more widely used. Graphene-based materials and their composites possess promising applications in water treatments across the world to meet the water demands . Graphene-based materials filter can create clean drinking water, regardless of how dirty it is, in a single
  • 2022-02-28 The Coming Revolution In Water Stewardship Reporting Consolidation and Expanding Investment What`s Going On? There are several water reporting frameworks deployed across the private and public sector to support sustainability decisions and water replenishment goals. Some of these are tied to a specific mission, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., CEO Water Mandate), some were developed for risk identification and management purposes (e.g., Task Force on Climate-Related Disclosures), and some have grown out of the demand for transparency related to environmental impact and sustainability (e.g., Global Reporting Initiative). Given the increased corporate focus on environmental and social governance (ESG) reporting, the myriad of frameworks and associated metrics make common action difficult. Many companies following the various frameworks employ a stewardship aspect to their water programs. The most common approach is to invest in projects that replenish the water consumed in their operations, typically on a one-for-one basis, allowing companies to track and demonstrate progress. However, it does not measure the impact of the replenishment investment on watershed health, nor does it capture the stacked or secondary benefits of nature-based solutions. Will Sarni, CEO of Water Foundry, recently wrote a piece published by the World Economic Forum (WEF), titled, [We need to rethink ESG to ensure access to water and sanitation for all."
  • 2022-01-24 Researchers develop technology to remove hormones from drinking water At the Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ) at the east of Mexico, an oxidation process has been developed that uses ozone to degrade contaminants in water that alter the synthesis, transport, action or elimination of natural hormones. These compounds represent a potential risk to human health associated with problems in the male and female reproductive systems, and some of them are precursors of breast and prostate cancer. The research team led by PhD Alberto Lopez at CIATEJ carried out the procedure via gas-liquid reactors, where water contaminated with disrupting compounds of the endocrine system (EDCs) is passed through a gas stream with ozone, which is a major oxidant. Under certain conditions of temperature, the pH, pressure and ozone dosage, the EDCs are degraded to less than 95 percent of initial concentration, exceeding conventional water treatment processes that only reach 50 percent removal. EDCs are found in surface water, soil and air. There is great diversi
  • 2022-01-05 Sieving ions with a polymer membrane The biological nervous system works by selective transport of electrically charged particles called ions through cell membranes. If manufactured membranes were able to achieve a similar ion selectivity, it could transform many technologies, including water purification, mineral extraction and energy storage. "Achieving precise ion separation at the sub-nanometer level by polymer membranes is very challenging" says chemical engineer Zhiping Lai. Ions are formed when atoms or molecules lose or gain electrons, therefore gaining a positive or negative electrical charge. Those derived from single atoms, such as sodium (Na+), lithium (Li+) or chloride (Cl-) ions, are smaller than 1 nanometer (10-9 meters) across. The researchers used the known sizes of ions to conduct simulation studies, which helped identify suitable monomers that could act as the molecular units needed to link into a conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) membrane structure. They then used a process called electropolymerization to make their polymer membranes. This process uses a cyclical electric current to control the precise structure that forms when the 1,3,5-tris(N-carbazolyl) benzene monomer molecules link together. "It was challenging to determine the resulting pore size and level of porosity because of the asymmetric membrane structure," says Lai, adding, "to overcome this issue we had to make hundreds of samples." The tiny size and nature of the pores prevented their analysis from using many common structural determination methods, but a solution was found in gas physisor
  • 2022-01-01 A naturally inspired, reusable system that purifies water and builds itself In nature, the interaction of molecules at the boundary of different liquids can give rise to new structures. These self-assembling molecules make cell formation possible and are instrumental to the development of all life on Earth. They can also be engineered to perform specific functions-and now, a team of Penn State researchers has leveraged this opportunity to develop a material that could remove persistent pollutants from water. The researchers recently published their findings in Advanced Functional Materials. "We took inspiration from biological systems to see if we can get similar phenomena to emerge with non-biological molecules," said Scott Medina, assistant professor of biomedical engineering and corresponding author on the paper. For their experiment, the researchers opted to incorporate fluorine, an element not commonly found in nature, into an amino acid and mix it with a fluorinated oil to guide its molecular organization. The team added the fluorinated oil to water, where it formed a bead comprised of the fluorine droplet surrounded by an amino acid coating. When the researchers inverted the vial to expose the bead to air, the bead's components rearranged to form a film. Composed of a thin layer of fluorinated oil surrounded by two layers of microscopic amino acid crystalline structures, this film could rearrange itself into the bead when agitated-and take other fluorinated molecules with it. "Fluorines don't play well with others, so if you put them together there are very strong interactions," Medina said. "Fluorinated contaminants in water want to separate themselves
  • 2021-12-15 Low-cost solar-powered water filter removes lead, other contaminants A new invention that uses sunlight to drive water purification could help solve the problem of providing clean water off the grid.The device resembles a large sponge that soaks up water but leaves contaminants-like lead, oil and pathogens-behind. To collect the purified water from the sponge, one simply places it in sunlight. The researchers described the device in a paper published this week in the journal Advanced Materials. The inspiration for the device came from the pufferfish, a species that takes in water to swell its body when threatened, and then releases water when danger passes, said the device's co-inventor Rodney Priestley, the Pomeroy and Betty Perry Smith Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Princeton's vice dean for innovation. "To me, the most exciting thing about this work is it can operate completely off-grid, at both large and small scales," Priestley said. "It could also work in the developed world at sites where low-cost, non-powered water purification is needed." Xiaohui Xu, a Princeton Presidential Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and co-inventor, helped develop the gel material at the heart of the device. "Sunlight is free," Xu said, "and the materials to make this device are low-cost and non-toxic, so this is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to generate pure water." The authors noted that the technology delivers the highest passive solar water- purification rate of any competing technology.
  • 2021-12-01 Standard water treatment technique removes and inactivates an enveloped virus Enveloped viruses have been detected in raw sewage and sludge, but scientists still don't fully understand the fate and infectivity of these viruses during water purification at treatment plants. Now, researchers reporting in ACS' Environmental Science & Technology have discovered that a standard water treatment technique, called iron (III) coagulation, and its electrically driven counterpart, iron (0) electrocoagulation, can efficiently remove and inactivate a model enveloped virus. Enveloped viruses have an outer coating of lipids and proteins that helps protect their genetic material. Typically, disrupting this coat inactivates the virus. Until now, most studies have investigated only disinfection by chlorine or ultraviolet light as a means to control enveloped viruses in wastewater. However, particles suspended in the water can sometimes shield viruses from disinfectants. Shankar Chellam and colleagues wondered whether a different method called coagulation with iron (III), which is already widely applied during water treatment, can remove and inactivate enveloped viruses. They also wanted to study a related technique, iron (0) electrocoagulation, that shows promise for small-scale water treatment. As a model enveloped virus, the researchers chose an RNA virus, called Φ6, that infects bacteria. The researchers treated a solution containing Φ6 with either iron (III) or with iron (0) electrocoagulation, both of which formed iron precipitates. The hydrophobic viral envelopes stuck to the precipitates, allowing Φ6 to be easily removed as the solids settled. The conventional coagulation reduced the amount of active virus in the water by more than 100,000 times in 2.6 minutes, whereas electrocoagul
  • 2021-11-10 A balancing act: Improved water treatment technique using 'energy matching' Today, a large number of people worldwide suffer from shortage of fresh drinking water, especially in remote rural regions, causing a significant threat to human life and society. While techniques such as membrane distillation and reverse osmosis have been used to treat saline water and alleviate the situation, they suffer from limitations like low productivity, high cost and high energy consumption. In recent years, direct solar steam generation (DSSG) has emerged as a viable technique for water purification. The process uses photothermal materials that can absorb high amounts of solar energy. These materials are then made to float in water, which helps to maintain localized heating and generate water vapor that is subsequently condensed to obtain clean water. Current DSSG methods have reached the limits of solar thermal efficiency and evaporation rate; however, given the demand for high-flux clean water in large-scale commercialization, further enhancement in evaporati
  • 2021-11-01 Protein pores packed in polymers make super-efficient filtration membranes A multidisciplinary team of engineers and scientists has developed a new class of filtration membranes for a variety of applications, from water purification to small-molecule separations to contaminant-removal processes, that are faster to produce and higher performing than current technology. This could reduce energy consumption, operational costs and production time in industrial separations. Led by Manish Kumar, associate professor in the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin, the research team describes their new high-performance membranes in a recent issue of Nature Materials. The team's new filtration membranes demonstrate higher density of pores than that of commercial membranes and can be produced much faster-in two hours, versus the several-day process currently used. Until now, integrating protein-based membranes into current technology used for industrial separations has been challenging because of the amount of time needed to create these membranes and the low density of proteins in resulting membranes. This comprehensive and collaborative research effort brought together engineers, physicists, biologists and chemists from UT Austin, Penn State University, University of Kentucky, University of Notre Dame and the company Applied Biomimetic. The work presents the first end-to-end synthesis of a true protein-based separation membrane with pores between half a nanometer and 1.5 nanometers in size. A nanometer is just a few times the size of a water molecule and a hundred thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. The membranes created by the
  • 2021-10-20 New membrane technology to boost water purification and energy storage Imperial College London scientists have created a new type of membrane that could improve water purification and battery energy storage efforts. The new approach to ion exchange membrane design, which is published today in Nature Materials, uses low-cost plastic membranes with many tiny hydrophilic ('water attracting') pores. They improve on current technology that is more expensive and difficult to apply practically. Current ion exchange membranes, known as Nafion, are used to purify water and store renewable energy output in fuel cells and batteries. However, the ion transport channels in Nafion membranes are not well defined and the membranes are very expensive. In contrast, low-cost polymer membranes have been widely used in the membrane industry in various contexts, from removal of salt and pollutants from water, to natural gas purification-but these membranes are usually not conductive or selective enough for ion transport. Now, a multi-institutional team led by Imperial's Dr. Qilei Song and Professor Neil McKeown at the University of Edinburgh has developed a new ion-transport membrane technology that could reduce the cost of storing energy in batteries and of purifying water. They developed the new membranes using computer simulations to build a class of microporous polymers, known as polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), and alter their building blocks for varying properties. Their invention could contribute to the use and storage of renewable energy, and boost the availability of clean drinking water in
  • 2021-09-06 Use of nanopores could lead to cleaner water Not all nanopores are created equal. For starters, their diameters vary between 1 and 10 nanometers (nm). The smallest of these nanopores, called Single Digit Nanopores (SDNs), have diameters of less than 10 nm and only recently have been used in experiments for precision transport measurements. A team of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists and colleagues from seven other institutions, led by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), have reviewed recent SDN experiments and identified critical gaps in understanding nanoscale hydrodynamics, molecular sieving, fluidic structure and thermodynamics. The team said a better understanding of transport at the nanoscale can lead to innovative technologies such as new membranes for water purification, new gas-permeable materials and energy storage devices. "If we can fill these gaps, we can discover new mechanisms of molecular and ionic transport at the nanoscale that may apply to a host of new technologies," said LLNL material scientist Tuan Anh Pham, co-author of the article appearing in The Journal of Physical Chemistry. SDNs can be tailored to sieve ions efficiently from seawater and serve as membranes for seawater desalination; differentiate between polar and nonpolar fluids; enhance proton transport in fuel cell applications; and generate electricity from osmotic power harvesting. "A deeper understanding of water transport through SDNs may allow us to build robust synthetic analogs of transmembrane proteins, such a
  • 2021-08-02 New type of membrane permits cheaper and more efficient water purification New selective membranes in the form of thin hollow straws can improve water purification. This emerges from research by Joris de Gooth from UT's MESA+ research institute. The membranes that De Grooth jointly developed make it possible to purify water in a single process step, while preliminary treatment is always required in existing water treatment plants. The most important benefits of the new membranes are that they can make the provision of drinking water easier and therefore cheaper and can improve the removal of micropollutants such as pharmaceutical residues. De Gooth will be awarded a doctorate for his research on 4 February at the University of Twente. Surface water in the Netherlands contains increasing amounts of medicines, pesticides and hormones (including from the contraceptive pill). With existing water treatment techniques it is consequently becoming more and more difficult to produce clean drinking water. After all, they were not developed to remove these contaminants from the water. A new type of membrane, partly developed at the University of Twente, can help. This selective membrane is applied to thin porous straws (also referred to as fibres) with holes of about 5 nanometres in diameter (one nanometre is one million times smaller than a millimetre). Multiple thin layers of polymer coating (of about 2 nm thick) are applied over the holes by means of a relatively simple chemical process. A major advantage of the method is that the thin layer can be introduced from water and chemical solvents are therefore not necessary. In addition, the creation of the polymer layers can be controlled very accurately. Depending upon the desired application, the number of layers, the density and the
  • 2018-05-29 FAQ:About Water Distributor Of FRP Tank Water distributor of FRP Tank is a device that distributes water evenly according to the law on a certain working area and completes this task, which is called water distributor. Common water distributors include perforated pipe, nozzle, filter head and rotary water distributor. For example, the water distributor in the sand filter is composed of main pipe, branch pipe and water distribution hole. Many small holes with equal hole spacing and diameter are evenly arranged on the lower side of each branch pipe. The backwashing water of the filter flows from the main pipe to the branch pipe, and then flows out from the hole of the branch pipe to flush the sand filter upward. Rotary water distributor is a perforated pipe that can rotate, which is often used in FRP tank and other water treatment device. The function of FRP water distributor system is to splash water evenly on the whole drenching filler. The performance of FRP water distribution will directly affect the uniformity of air distribution and the ability of filler to play a cooling role. The above is the working principle of the water distributor. Nowadays, water distributor can be widely used in mechanical filtration equipment, activated carbon filtration equipment, softened water treatment equipment and demineralized water equipment. FRP

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